Effects of self-induced gravity waves on finite wind-farm operations using a large-eddy simulation framework

Abstract In the present study, we use large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate how a capping inversion in combination with stable free atmosphere influences flow development and energy extraction large finite wind farm staggered aligned layout. conventionally neutral boundary layer (CNBL), find that gravity waves induce an unfavourable pressure gradient induction region of which contributes upstream blockage, decreasing available for first-row turbines. However, favourable establishes through such conditions, redistributes enhances wake recovery. These results are compared operating (NBL). Here, only hydrodynamic effects induced by turbines drag play role, cause minor perturbations across domain. For selected atmospheric power losses generated blockage balanced enhanced recovery promoted throughout farm. Consequently, efficiency CNBL is 8.8% higher than NBL. We note this difference slightly 0.5 ? direction at location between NBL cases, caused presence blockage. Since both simulations forced equal turbulent velocity profile, variation performance solely different vertical temperature profiles main Finally, layout leads stronger one when farms operate CNBL.